The Merchant of Venice Essay Example

The Merchant of Venice Paper On the off chance that a man has prejudged, adverse suppositions against a gathering of individuals, in light of race, shading, riches or some other explanation, would he be able to be viewed as uneducated in the cutting edge world or has society simply instructed him with biased perspectives? The idea of bigotry, partialities and imbalances is managed all through Shakespeares A trader of Venice and in spite of the fact that it was composed around 1598, as the greater part of Shakespeares works the subjects are all inclusive and immortal which makes them extremely applicable to contemporary society. The principle topics of the play are equity and leniency and how these is given and gotten in the unpleasant connection between Antonio, the Christian vendor and Shylock, a Jewish moneylender. The vendor of Venice is viewed as one of Shakespeares comedies as it has an upbeat closure for the greater part of the characters and an Elizabethan crowd would discover Shylocks catastrophes diverting, yet in the last 400 years society has definitely changed. Would a cutting edge crowd have an alternate assessment on the treatment of Shylock or would the Elizabethan qualities remain? Dread of the obscure is a piece of human instinct and the Jewish religion and its devotees were obscure to most by far individuals in Shakespeares time. We will compose a custom paper test on The Merchant of Venice explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom paper test on The Merchant of Venice explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom paper test on The Merchant of Venice explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer Jews began to enter England in 1066 and over the span of an age they built up networks in Bristol, York, Canterbury and London, and started to flourish by exchanging and loaning cash. Nonetheless, in 1290 under the rule of Edward I, 16000 Jews were ousted from England albeit a couple figured out how to remain in England by concealing their personality. This removal prompted 350 years of Jewish outcast from England, which implies that there had been no Jews in England for around 300 years before Shakespeare was conceived! Hardly any individuals knew a Jew and most of individuals were very straightforward, uneducated and ignorant. It was anything but difficult to sort Jews and tereotype them. Something that helped in the generalizing procedure was a well known show by Marlow called The Jew of Malta, acted in 1589. The lead character, Barabas will not pay tribute to the crown thus, his riches is seized and his home changed over into a religious circle. Rankled by these occasions Barabas sets out on excursion of butcher, which incorporates the harming of a whole religious community. Elizabethan crowds cherished the embellishment and overstatement of Barabass character and the finish of the story, were he is bubbled to death in a cauldron of water while shouting was especially appreciated by the crowd! The Jew of Malta isn't only an enemy of Semitic play, yet it plainly shows the bad faith appeared by the Christian people group in Elizabethan England. One of only a handful barely any Jews in England was Dr. Lopez. He was the specialist for Queen Elizabeth I. Lopez was indicted for attempting to kill Queen Elizabeth and was executed after he was tormented brutally, and during the cross examination the way that he was Jewish got known. The reasons for conviction were convictions that Lopez had attempted to harm Queen Elizabeth, however what was later found was that the facial cosmetics she utilized contained Mercury, a profoundly harmed metallic component. Anyway the absence of logical information in Elizabethan occasions implied that Lopez was executed. Fundamentally, Marlowes show The Jew of Malta was performed soon after the execution, a few records guarantee it was only ten days after, so the possibility of Jews being underhanded, lethal animals would have been exceptionally perpetrated into Elizabethan generalizations. Shakespeares age put together their enemy of Semitism with respect to strict grounds. The Nazi program which peaked in the Holocaust of World War 2 and brought about the passings of 6,000,000 Jews was hostile to Semitism on racial grounds. A Nazi couldn't care less if a Jew has confidence in God or beams; A Jew is a Jew and they were viewed as racially substandard. Elizabethan England in any case, had acquired the Christian publicity that the Jews had killed Christ as were associated with the demon and were effectively attempting to stop the spread of Christianity. Jewish individuals don't own up to the fault for the torturous killing of Christ for different reasons: * Crucifixion was a Roman type of execution * People who lived a long time after the occasion itself and were well on the way to be one-sided against the Jews (so to assume the fault from Christianity) composed the records of the torturous killing and the occasions paving the way to the execution. Since its commencement, Christianity has attempted to stop the accompanying of different religions just as Judaism. Agnosticism and other Earth based religions had been set up several years prior to the introduction of Jesus yet as Christianity spread, pioneers of the Church asserted that the agnostic horned God was the fallen angel. This sort of strict purposeful publicity has remained in the public arena for a considerable length of time as this is were the idea of the demon having horns originates from. Indeed, even Christians themselves didn't live respectively well in Elizabethan occasions, and still today as can be found in Northern Ireland; Catholics and Protestants onflict. At the point when we see these focuses, it is no big surprise that the Christian Church from the beginning of time focused on Judaism. This data is generally obvious to how Elizabethan culture in general saw the Jews, yet what isn't so clear is the thing that precisely Shakespeares picture of a Jew was, as they had been expelled from England 300 years before his introduction to the world. This is a sincere belief, and the peruser must arrive at their own decision in the wake of thinking about whether Shakespeare satisfied the biased perspectives the crowd would have against the Jews. To do as such, the content hould be dissected as well as the emotional gadgets utilized, stage history and the historical backdrop of the Jews. The reason for the primary scenes is to advise the watcher regarding the fundamental plot, e. . the bond, yet Shylocks first scene lets us know of this, yet additionally we understand Shylocks character characteristics. These characteristics are immediately set down and rehashed his attention on cash, (my significance in saying he is a decent man is to have you comprehend me that he is adequate lines 13-15) his disdain of Christians, (I despise him for he is a Christian-line 38) his pride in his religion and furthermore, his guile mind. Shylock really talks not exactly Bassanio or Portia and shows up in just five scenes however because of his crowd inciting character he is the most overwhelming character. Shylocks first appearance in The Merchant of Venice is in Act One Scene Three. From his passage in front of an audience the crowd would distinguish him as a Jew, as he would be wearing customary Jewish apparel, for example, a coat, which is a free shroud worn by Jewish men. Shakespeare would underscore the outfits in the Globe theater and other auditorium during his time, in light of the fact that the crowds were very unruly. Individuals were known to yell at the reprobates, cheer for their legends, nd remark on the play boisterously. Simultaneously, food and drink merchants would be circumventing the crowd selling their products. Particular ensembles made Shakespeares plots simpler to follow for the watchers. Be that as it may, as referenced previously, numerous onlookers would scoff at the reprobates and Shylocks entrance in front of an audience would get a negative reaction. What adds to the crowds hostility towards Shylock is the thing that he is discussing in his introduction. He is conversing with Bassanio about loaning 3,000 ducats (type of money) to Antonio. This imprints him as a usurer, somebody who loans cash and charges premium, hich was despised in Elizabethan occasions. This may appear to be difficult to comprehend as this is the means by which significant banks work today, however in the Old Testament the demanding of enthusiasm on an advance was taboo to Jews who were loaning to Jews and in the Middle Ages it was illegal to Christian pastors and afterward to laymen. Medieval hypothesis says that cash can't raise cash and Aristotle instructed that cash was infertile. After the ascent of free enterprise be that as it may, the sixteenth-century reformers loose in this instructing yet a few nations toleration of usury arrived behind schedule, and England was one of those nations. The manner in which Shylock might be acting now in the play would likewise upset the crowd. Bassanio, a Christian and an old buddy of Antonio, comes to Shylock the Jewish moneylender, whom he and Antonio have brutally derided ordinarily previously, to solicit to get cash for sake from Antonio. Just because, Shylock feels as if he has the high ground. These days the vast majority would surely have the option to comprehend why Shylock would stretch this prevalence yet not Shakespeares crowds. This would essentially irritate them more as they would not have the option to see that a Jew is as yet a human and would have uman responses, much the same as a Christian, much the same as themselves. The principle plot of the play is resolved in this scene, as the relinquish of the bond is chosen. In the event that Antonio doesn't take care of the bond inside a quarter of a year, at that point Antonio must permit Shylock to cut a pound of tissue from anyplace upon Antonios body. Shylock recommends the relinquish in a kidding way as he says: This generosity will I appear. Go with me to a legal official; seal me there Your single bond, and, in a joyful game, If you reimburse me not on such a day let the relinquish Be assigned for an equivalent pound Of your reasonable substance, to be cut off and taken In what part of your body pleaseth me Antonio cheerfully consents to the security, yet Bassanio alerts him; he doesnt need Antonio taking a chance with his life so that Bassanio can obtain cash, anyway Antonio consoles Bassanio that My boats get back home a month prior to the day. What he implies by this is as a dealer not exclusively will his boats get back yet his cash moreover. What Antonio and Bassanio don't understand however is the way that Shy

Managerial Finance Essay

You have been at your specific employment with East Coast Yachts for seven days at this point and have chosen you have to pursue the company’s 401(k) plan. Much after your conversation with Sarah Brown, the Bledsoe Financial Services agent, you are as yet uncertain concerning which venture choice you ought to pick. Review that the choices accessible to you are stock in East Coast Yachts, the Bledsoe S&P 500 Index Fund, the Bledsoe Small-Cap Fund, the Bledsoe Large-Company Stock Fund, the Bledsoe Bond Fund, and the Bledsoe Money Market Fund. You have concluded that you ought to put resources into an enhanced portfolio, with 70 percent of your interest in value, 25 percent in securities, and 5 percent in the currency showcase finance. You have additionally chosen to concentrate your value venture on huge top stocks, however you are discussing whether to choose the S&P 500 Index Fund or the Large-Company Stock Fund. In considering it, you comprehend the essential distinction in the two assets. One is a simply detached reserve that duplicates a generally followed huge top list, the S&P 500, and has low expenses. The other is effectively made do with the aim that the expertise of the portfolio director will bring about improved execution comparative with a list. Charges are higher in the last store. You’re just not sure on what direction to go, so you ask Dan Ervin, who works in the company’s account territory, for counsel. In the wake of talking about your interests, Dan gives you some data looking at the exhibition of value common assets and the Vanguard 500 Index Fund. The Vanguard 500 is the world’s biggest value list common store. It reproduces the S&P 500, and its arrival is just unimportantly unique in relation to the S&P 500. Charges are exceptionally low. Subsequently, the Vanguard 500 is basically indistinguishable from the Bledsoe S&P 500 Index Fund offered in the 401(k) plan, however it has been in presence for any longer, so you can read its reputation for more than two decades. The diagram underneath sums up Dan’s remarks by indicating the level of value shared finances that outflanked the Vanguard 500 Fund over the past ten years. So for instance, from January 1977 to December 1986, just about 70 percent of value shared assets beat the Vanguard 500. Dan recommends that you study the chart and answer the accompanying inquiries: 1. What suggestions do you draw from the diagram for common reserve financial specialists? If I somehow managed to draw any ramifications from the diagram for shared store financial specialists it would be a desire that the speculators will beat the market. Similarly as with any business the superior workers will keep performing and the low entertainers will be given up. In the event that we were taking a gander at the degree of market proficiency it would be normal that shared assets would beat the market. It is normal that half of all speculators will beat the market. 2. Is the chart steady or conflicting with showcase productivity? Clarify cautiously. I accept that the diagram shows consistency with showcase productivity, however even the most proficient of business sectors must be eager to spend on research to beat the market and, after its all said and done numerous speculators don't outflank the market. The chart is predictable with advertise effectiveness in such a case that even the best workers are not beating the market, even with high financing, at that point as would be normal speculators won't outflank the market. 3. What speculation choice would you make for the value bit of your 401(k) account? Why? If I somehow managed to settle on a speculation choice dependent on the value part of this 401K arrangement I would decide to put resources into the S&P 500 file. There ought to likewise be ventures made in little top assets as this will help enhance the portfolio. Little top assets anyway are not accessible as a choice so the S&P 500 would be the best decision as a venture choice.

Myths America Lives by

Pardeep Kullar Myths America Lives By The American Creed is spoken through legends that recount the significance and motivation behind our nation. These legends vouch for the love and energy that we have for America. Every age had its own legend that it lived by in making the American Creed that legitimized the presence and activity of our country. In view of the critical reaction, if an aggregate gathering of Americans disdained to the accounts that hold America together and presumed that they were bogus, our country would be in peril at that point.The issues that exist in America would take the bleeding edge and question the presence of our nation. The absolutist reaction, then again, cases to the nobility of America and supports the activities sought after by our country in wild occasions. In spite of the fact that the absolutist reaction attempts to assert the American statement of faith, it sabotages it simultaneously. The Myth of the Chosen People initially developed among the Puritans in the frontier time frame. It fundamentally expressed for individuals to cherish each other with a thoughtful love and to take on one another’s burdens.In time, this fantasy changed from â€Å"chosen to benefit the neighbor† to picked by God for â€Å"special benefits in the world†. The Myth of Nature’s Nation rose during the Revolutionary Era. It fundamentally guaranteed that people had unalienable rights. In any case, so as to legitimize the mistreatment that existed in American culture in the nineteenth century was certified by guaranteeing that nature did exclude Native Americans or Blacks. They Myth of the Christian Nation was made during that Time Great Awakening. It underlined to keep conduct in accordance with the lessons of Christ.But this fantasy immediately installed the legend of the picked individuals and the fantasy of nature’s country into it, so that even Christ’s lessons gave uncommon benefits and rights to just ce rtain chose Americans. The Myth of the Millennial Nation developed during the early national time frame. Americans accepted that America would lead the world into a period of opportunity. This legend also has been absolutized. Americans accept that they are pushing the world towards opportunity by constraining others to be free by effectively captivating in war. The Myth of the Innocent Nation appeared in the twentieth century.It is established in the various fantasies, making it extremely incredible. This legend is grounded in disappoint and recounts to no fact in its story. After the World Wars, Americans accept that since they had confronted extraordinary shrewdness, they were honorable and honest in the entirety of their demonstrations. In spite of the fact that America’s inclusion in Vietnam, made the case to guiltlessness truly flawed, they fantasy won and is more grounded now than at any other time since the 9/11 assaults on America. So by and by, America’s impe dance in the Middle East is seen as one of innocence.The African American point of view is incorporated to study the legends America lives by as it shows the opposite side of the coin. Since African American experience was altogether different from the White American experience, it adds a segment of truth to the legends that is nonexistent from the other point of view alone. Albeit African Americans express an alternate point of view, they additionally express a legitimacy and cheerfulness in the American Creed that they wish will one day be done to its most genuine measures.

Republic Day Celebration

The Republic Day of India honors the date on which the Constitution of India came into power supplanting the Government of India Act 1935 as the overseeing report of India on 26 January 1950. [1] The date 26 January was picked to respect the memory of the announcement of autonomy of 1930. It is one of the three national occasions in India, and keeping in mind that the principle march, Republic Day Parade happens at the Rajpath, in the national capital New Delhi, where the President sees the motorcade, state capitals likewise have their state festivities. HistoryAlthough India got its autonomy on 15 August 1947, it didn't yet have a changeless constitution; rather, its laws depended on the adjusted pioneer Government of India Act 1935, and the nation was a Dominion, with George VI as head of state and Earl Mountbatten as Governor General. On 29 August 1947, the Drafting Committee was designated to draft a lasting constitution, with Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar as director. Dissimilar to in Independence Day, Republic Day just praises the constitution. A draft Constitution was set up by the panel and submitted to the Assembly on 4 November 1947.The Assembly met, in meetings open to open, for 166 days, spread over a time of 2 years, 11 months and 18 days before embracing the Constitution. After numerous considerations and a few alterations, the 308 individuals from the Assembly marked two written by hand duplicates of the report (one each in Hindi and English) on 24 January 1950. After two days, the Constitution of India turned into the law of all the Indian terrains. The Constitution of India became effective just on 26 January 1950, 10. 18 AM IST. Following races on 21 January 1950, Rajendra Prasad was chosen as the leader of India.The Indian National Congress and different gatherings had been praising 26 January as an image of Independence, even before India really got autonomous. Along these lines, marking the constitution on 26 January, to check and regard 26 Januar y and the opportunity battle and the political dissidents. Granville Austin has portrayed the Indian Constitution drafted by Shri Ambedkar as ‘first and premier a social archive. ‘ †¦ ‘The lion's share of India's sacred arrangements are either legitimately shown up at encouraging the point of social upheaval or endeavor to cultivate this upset by building up conditions essential for its accomplishment. ‘The revising instrument was praised even at the hour of presentation by Shriman Ambedkar in the accompanying words: â€Å"We can thusly securely say that the Indian organization won't experience the ill effects of the issues of unbending nature or legalism. Its recognized element is that it is an adaptable alliance. â€Å"The three instruments of the framework inferred by the Assembly, in spite of the forecasts, have made the constitution adaptable simultaneously ensured the privileges of the states. They have worked better than the changing procedure i n whatever other nation where Federalism and the British Parliamentary framework together shaped the premise of the constitution†Rashtrapati Bhavan and nearby structures, enlightened for the Republic Day, 2008. What Sir Anthony Eden, the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (April 1955 to January 1957), said at the hour of the rise of Indian Republic is applicable in this specific circumstance. He stated, ‘Of all the trials in government, which have been endeavored since the very beginning, I accept that the Indian endeavor into parliamentary government is the most energizing. An immense subcontinent is endeavoring to apply to its tens and thousands of millions an arrangement of free democracy†¦It is a daring thing to attempt to do as such. The Indian endeavor is anything but a pale impersonation of our training at home, however an amplified and increased propagation on a scale we have never longed for. In the event that it succeeds, its effect on Asia is endless fo r acceptable. Whatever the result we should respect the individuals who endeavor it. Much increasingly significant was the sentiment communicated by an American Constitutional power, Granville Austin, who composed that what the Indian Constituent Assembly started was ‘perhaps the best political endeavor since that began in Philadelphia in 1787. [edit] Celebrations Agni-IImissile in Republic Day Parade 2004. To check the significance of this event, consistently a great procession is held in the capital, New Delhi, from the Raisina Hill close to the Rashtrapati Bhavan (President's Palace), along the Rajpath, past India Gate and on to the memorable Red Fort. Before its initiation, the Prime Minister lays a botanical wreath at the Amar Jawan Jyoti, a remembrance to obscure officers at the India Gate toward one side of Rajpath, which is trailed by two minutes quiet in the memory of obscure soldiers.Thereafter he arrives at the principle dais at Rajpath to join different dignitaries , hence the President shows up alongside the central visitor of the event. First he spreads out the National banner, as the National Anthem is played, and a 21-weapon salute is given. Next, significant honors like the Ashok Chakra and Kirti Chakra are parted with by the President, before the regiments of Armed Forces start their walk past. The various regiments of the Army, the Navy and the Air Force walk past in the entirety of their luxury and authority decorations.The President of India who is the Commander-in-Chief of the Indian Armed Forces, takes the salute. Buoys showing the way of life of the different states and areas of India are in the great motorcade, which is communicated across the country on TV and radio. Likewise some portion of the procession are youngsters who win the National Bravery Award for the year [2]. The motorcade additionally incorporates other lively shows and skims and customarily finishes with a flypast by Indian Air Force planes. Festivities are likewi se held in state capitals, where the Governor of the state spreads out the national flag.If the Governor of the state is unwell, or is inaccessible for reasons unknown, the Chief Minister of the state expect the respect of spreading out the National Flag of India. A portrayal from tajonline: â€Å" â€Å"26th January 1950 is one of the most significant days in Indian history as it was on this day the constitution of India came into power and India turned into a genuinely sovereign nation. on this day India turned into an absolutely republican unit. The nation at long last understood the fantasy of Mahatma Gandhi and the various political dissidents who, battled for and relinquished their lives for the Independence of their country.So, the 26th of January was proclaimed a national occasion and has been perceived and celebrated as the Republic Day of India, from that point forward. Today, the Republic Day is commended with much excitement everywhere throughout the nation and particu larly in the capital, New Delhi where the festivals start with the Presidential location to the country. The start of the event is constantly a grave token of the penance of the saints who kicked the bucket for the nation in the opportunity development and the succeeding wars for the protection of sway of their country.Then, the President approaches to grant the awards of valiance to the individuals from the military for their extraordinary boldness in the field and furthermore the regular people, who have separated themselves by their various demonstrations of valor in various circumstances. To stamp the significance of this event, consistently a fabulous procession is held in the capital, from the Rajghat, along the Vijaypath. The various regiments of the military, the Navy and the Air power walk past in the entirety of their delicacy and authority designs even the ponies of the rangers are alluringly caparisoned to suit the event. The creme of N.C. C cadets, chose from everywhere throughout the nation think of it as a respect to take an interest in this occasion, as do the younger students from different schools in the capital. They spend numerous days getting ready for the occasion and no cost is saved to see that everything about dealt with, from their training for the drills, the basic props and their garbs. The motorcade is trailed by an exhibition of staggering presentations from the various conditions of the nation. These moving displays delineate scenes of exercises of individuals in those states and the music and tunes of that specific state go with each display.Each show draws out the decent variety and extravagance of the way of life of India and the entire demonstrate loans a merry air to the event. The procession and the following pomp is broadcast by the National Television and is viewed by a great many watchers in each side of the nation. The devoted intensity of the individuals on this day unites the entire nation even in her basic decent var iety. All aspects of the nation is spoken to in event, which makes the Republic Day the most well known of all the national occasions of India. â€Å"

Hookah Smoking and Its Risks

Hookah Smoking and Its Risks Addiction Nicotine Use Print Hookah Smoking and Its Risks By Terry Martin facebook twitter Terry Martin quit smoking after 26 years and is now an advocate for those seeking freedom from nicotine addiction. Learn about our editorial policy Terry Martin Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Armeen Poor, MD on January 27, 2020 Armeen Poor, MD, is a board-certified pulmonologist and intensivist. He specializes in pulmonary health, critical care, and sleep medicine. Learn about our Medical Review Board Armeen Poor, MD Updated on January 29, 2020 More in Addiction Nicotine Use After You Quit How to Quit Smoking Nicotine Withdrawal Smoking-Related Diseases The Inside of Cigarettes Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Coping and Recovery As of Dec. 20, 2019, the new legal age limit is 21 years old for purchasing cigarettes, cigars, or any other tobacco products in the U.S. Hookah smoking is often mistaken as a healthier alternative to cigarette smoking, primarily due to the sweet smell and taste of hookah tobacco, and the social aspect that usually leads to hookah smoking being only an occasional habit. But theres no such thing as a healthy smoking option, and hookah smoking can be just asâ€"if not moreâ€"dangerous as cigarette smoking. Illustration by Brianna Gilmartin, Verywell What Is Hookah? A  hookah is a water pipe that is used to smoke sweetened and flavored tobacco. Other names for hookah are narghile, argileh, shisha, hubble-bubble, and Goza. The pipe is usually quite large and consists of a water chamber, a tobacco chamber, and one  or more flexible tubes stemming from it that allow multiple smokers  to inhale at the same time. Hookah tobacco is often sweetened with molasses, fruit pulp, or honey, with additional flavor added like coconut, fruit flavors, mint, or coffee. These flavorings sweeten the taste and aroma of the  tobacco, making it especially appealing to young people.?? Hookah pipes have been in use for about 400 years, originating in India and Asia. In the early 1600s, Hakim Abdul Fath, a physician from India, invented the hookah, mistakenly believing the health hazards of tobacco smoke would be minimized by passing it through water before inhalation. In the 1990s, flavored tobacco became popular in the Eastern Mediterranean countries, and hookah use grew from there to eventually spread around the world. How the Hookah Works The tobacco chamber in a hookah consists of a bowl containing burning charcoal that is placed on top of the flavored tobacco. Charcoal is separated from tobacco by perforated aluminum foil. As the charcoal heats the tobacco below, smoke is created. When users draw on the stem (hose) of the hookah, the smoke is pulled through the water chamber, cooling it before being inhaled into the lungs. Toxins in Hookah It is a common misconception that smoking from a hookah removes  nicotine  and other  toxins from the tobacco.  While water-cooled smoke is less harsh on delicate lung tissue, the toxicity of the smoke is unchanged and the cancer-causing chemicals present in the hookah tobacco are not filtered out by this process.   Hookah smoke contains many of the same harmful chemicals in traditional cigarette smoke, including:?? Carbon monoxideTarArsenicChromiumCobaltCadmiumNickelFormaldehydeAcetaldehydeAcroleinLeadPolonium 210, a radioactive isotope Some hookah tobacco products claim they dont contain  tar, but that information is misleading. The fact is, no tobacco contains tar until it is burned, or in the case of hookah tobacco, heated. This difference leads some to believe that the toxicity of hookah tar may be less than that of cigarette tar, which is not the case. Additionally, the charcoal that is used to heat the tobacco contains  carbon monoxide,  metals, and other cancer-causing agents like polyaromatic hydrocarbons, adding another level of danger to hookah smokers.?? Hookah vs. Cigarettes A typical manufactured cigarette contains between 7 and 22 milligrams of  nicotine, depending on the brand, with about 1 mg being absorbed by the smoker.  An average hookah bowl contains as much nicotine as a pack of 20 cigarettes.  Nicotine is an addictive drug, so smoking hookah can be every bit as addictive as smoking cigarettes.?? Smokers inhale 500 to 600 ml of smoke in the 20 puffs it takes to smoke a cigarette. If theyre smoking hookah, which is typically an event lasting 45 minutes to an hour, smokers inhale approximately 90,000 ml of smoke and take as many as 200 puffs on the water pipe.?? Compared to traditional cigarette smoke, hookah smoke has about six times more  carbon monoxide  and 46 times more  tar, and hookah smokers may take in more of these toxins because inhalation through the water pipe requires a stronger drag for a longer period of time. It has been estimated that a single hookah session can cause smokers to absorb approximately the same amount of nicotine and  other chemicals  as they would if they smoked two to 10 cigarettes a day, depending on how often they smoke hookah. Health Concerns Hookah smokers are at risk for many of the same illnesses as cigarette smokers,?? such as Oral cancerLung cancerStomach cancerEsophageal cancer Hookah use is also  associated with decreased lung function and  heart disease,  and it can have a negative effect on fertility. Secondhand smoke  from a hookah is also hazardous.  If youre in the room with a lit hookah water pipe, youre breathing in cancer-causing toxins just as with secondhand cigarette smoke.?? Hookah smoking can also spread illness.  Because it is usually smoked in a social setting, with several people sharing the same pipe and sometimes the same mouthpiece, colds and other infections, including oral herpes, can be easily passed along.??     A Word From Verywell Hookah tobacco is addictive and every bit as hazardous to a smokers health as traditional cigarettes. A one-hour session of hookah smoking can expose smokers to as much nicotine and toxins as they would get from an entire  day or more of cigarette smoking.?? In the short-term, hookah smoking raises blood pressure and heart rate, which may increase the risk of heart attack and stroke. In the long-term, hookah smoking can contribute to a variety of cancers, heart disease, and lung disease.?? The best thing you can do for your health is to avoid all tobacco products because none of them are considered safe. Dont be lulled into thinking that smoking cessation is something you can put off until later in life.  The longer you wait, the more you risk.  Luckily, there are plenty of resources and support systems available that can help you quit smoking for good. How Bidi Cigarettes Are Dangerous to Your Health

Hookah Smoking and Its Risks

Hookah Smoking and Its Risks Addiction Nicotine Use Print Hookah Smoking and Its Risks By Terry Martin facebook twitter Terry Martin quit smoking after 26 years and is now an advocate for those seeking freedom from nicotine addiction. Learn about our editorial policy Terry Martin Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Armeen Poor, MD on January 27, 2020 Armeen Poor, MD, is a board-certified pulmonologist and intensivist. He specializes in pulmonary health, critical care, and sleep medicine. Learn about our Medical Review Board Armeen Poor, MD Updated on January 29, 2020 More in Addiction Nicotine Use After You Quit How to Quit Smoking Nicotine Withdrawal Smoking-Related Diseases The Inside of Cigarettes Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Coping and Recovery As of Dec. 20, 2019, the new legal age limit is 21 years old for purchasing cigarettes, cigars, or any other tobacco products in the U.S. Hookah smoking is often mistaken as a healthier alternative to cigarette smoking, primarily due to the sweet smell and taste of hookah tobacco, and the social aspect that usually leads to hookah smoking being only an occasional habit. But theres no such thing as a healthy smoking option, and hookah smoking can be just asâ€"if not moreâ€"dangerous as cigarette smoking. Illustration by Brianna Gilmartin, Verywell What Is Hookah? A  hookah is a water pipe that is used to smoke sweetened and flavored tobacco. Other names for hookah are narghile, argileh, shisha, hubble-bubble, and Goza. The pipe is usually quite large and consists of a water chamber, a tobacco chamber, and one  or more flexible tubes stemming from it that allow multiple smokers  to inhale at the same time. Hookah tobacco is often sweetened with molasses, fruit pulp, or honey, with additional flavor added like coconut, fruit flavors, mint, or coffee. These flavorings sweeten the taste and aroma of the  tobacco, making it especially appealing to young people.?? Hookah pipes have been in use for about 400 years, originating in India and Asia. In the early 1600s, Hakim Abdul Fath, a physician from India, invented the hookah, mistakenly believing the health hazards of tobacco smoke would be minimized by passing it through water before inhalation. In the 1990s, flavored tobacco became popular in the Eastern Mediterranean countries, and hookah use grew from there to eventually spread around the world. How the Hookah Works The tobacco chamber in a hookah consists of a bowl containing burning charcoal that is placed on top of the flavored tobacco. Charcoal is separated from tobacco by perforated aluminum foil. As the charcoal heats the tobacco below, smoke is created. When users draw on the stem (hose) of the hookah, the smoke is pulled through the water chamber, cooling it before being inhaled into the lungs. Toxins in Hookah It is a common misconception that smoking from a hookah removes  nicotine  and other  toxins from the tobacco.  While water-cooled smoke is less harsh on delicate lung tissue, the toxicity of the smoke is unchanged and the cancer-causing chemicals present in the hookah tobacco are not filtered out by this process.   Hookah smoke contains many of the same harmful chemicals in traditional cigarette smoke, including:?? Carbon monoxideTarArsenicChromiumCobaltCadmiumNickelFormaldehydeAcetaldehydeAcroleinLeadPolonium 210, a radioactive isotope Some hookah tobacco products claim they dont contain  tar, but that information is misleading. The fact is, no tobacco contains tar until it is burned, or in the case of hookah tobacco, heated. This difference leads some to believe that the toxicity of hookah tar may be less than that of cigarette tar, which is not the case. Additionally, the charcoal that is used to heat the tobacco contains  carbon monoxide,  metals, and other cancer-causing agents like polyaromatic hydrocarbons, adding another level of danger to hookah smokers.?? Hookah vs. Cigarettes A typical manufactured cigarette contains between 7 and 22 milligrams of  nicotine, depending on the brand, with about 1 mg being absorbed by the smoker.  An average hookah bowl contains as much nicotine as a pack of 20 cigarettes.  Nicotine is an addictive drug, so smoking hookah can be every bit as addictive as smoking cigarettes.?? Smokers inhale 500 to 600 ml of smoke in the 20 puffs it takes to smoke a cigarette. If theyre smoking hookah, which is typically an event lasting 45 minutes to an hour, smokers inhale approximately 90,000 ml of smoke and take as many as 200 puffs on the water pipe.?? Compared to traditional cigarette smoke, hookah smoke has about six times more  carbon monoxide  and 46 times more  tar, and hookah smokers may take in more of these toxins because inhalation through the water pipe requires a stronger drag for a longer period of time. It has been estimated that a single hookah session can cause smokers to absorb approximately the same amount of nicotine and  other chemicals  as they would if they smoked two to 10 cigarettes a day, depending on how often they smoke hookah. Health Concerns Hookah smokers are at risk for many of the same illnesses as cigarette smokers,?? such as Oral cancerLung cancerStomach cancerEsophageal cancer Hookah use is also  associated with decreased lung function and  heart disease,  and it can have a negative effect on fertility. Secondhand smoke  from a hookah is also hazardous.  If youre in the room with a lit hookah water pipe, youre breathing in cancer-causing toxins just as with secondhand cigarette smoke.?? Hookah smoking can also spread illness.  Because it is usually smoked in a social setting, with several people sharing the same pipe and sometimes the same mouthpiece, colds and other infections, including oral herpes, can be easily passed along.??     A Word From Verywell Hookah tobacco is addictive and every bit as hazardous to a smokers health as traditional cigarettes. A one-hour session of hookah smoking can expose smokers to as much nicotine and toxins as they would get from an entire  day or more of cigarette smoking.?? In the short-term, hookah smoking raises blood pressure and heart rate, which may increase the risk of heart attack and stroke. In the long-term, hookah smoking can contribute to a variety of cancers, heart disease, and lung disease.?? The best thing you can do for your health is to avoid all tobacco products because none of them are considered safe. Dont be lulled into thinking that smoking cessation is something you can put off until later in life.  The longer you wait, the more you risk.  Luckily, there are plenty of resources and support systems available that can help you quit smoking for good. How Bidi Cigarettes Are Dangerous to Your Health

Ivy League Intelligence

Ivy League Intelligence November 27, 2012 Which Ivy (or non-Ivy) has the students with the highest cognitive ability, you ask? We came across an article in The Harvard Crimson yesterday that describes a study conducted by Lumosity in which the company examined more than 60,000 college students on over 400 American college campuses. So what did this company examine? Well, according to The Harvard Crimson, this study analyzed results from online games that use neuroscience to measure five aspects that contribute to intelligence: speed, attention, flexibility, memory, and problem solving. So are you curious which universities had the students with the highest cognitive ability? Were a bit curious ourselves! MIT may not be in the Ivy League but MIT students edged out Harvard students in a study of cognitive abilities. Some schools compete on the football gridiron. Others compete in studies like these (photo credit: John Phelan). It turns out MIT students top the results, edging out Harvard students (score one for the non-Ivy Leaguers). Stanford, Northwestern, and Yale students follow right behind. According to The Harvard Crimson, The study also broke down each of the five cognitive areas: Harvard students topped in speed, Dartmouth in attention, Yale in flexibility, the Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology in memory, and MIT in problem-solving. Fascinating, huh? And apparently problem-solving scores correlated strongly with a schools median SAT scores (as reported by US News World Report). What do you think about this study? Is it ridiculous? Do you think its a landmark study in measuring human ability among our nations college students? Do you think this study should measure cognitive abilities in different ways? Do you think a university should be higher on the ranking? Let us know your thoughts by posting below about this controversial study that compares the cognitive abilities of American university students. Oh, and do you think this will add flames to the Harvard-MIT rivalry? We guess if they cant compete in football, they can at least compete in a cognitive abilities study!